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… Those who use, or are likely to use, services provided by payment systems (e.g. consumers, businesses, government) … End-user …
… Payments are exchanged, cleared and settled through a single central system, where they are routed and validated by a central institution … Centralized systems …
… Payments are exchanged, cleared and settled through multiple point-to-point systems, where they are routed and validated by the participants … …